Gambling: a cash cow for provincial government Essay

1. What do you think? Is it okay for government to be in the gambling business? As far as I am concerned, it is very vital for government to be in the gambling business. Government is the most powerful department of the country, so it is okay for government to be in the gambling business and there are many reasons for it: 1. . Only the government can make good use of the taxation in the gambling business. The government can use the fiscal policy. The first half of the policy involves taxation. The government can important the taxation of the casino and lotteries and other forms of the gambling. This is a useful way to strengthen the power of the government. It is also a good way to limited people to go to casino because of the high taxation. Besides that , the government can use the taxation to help move the economy when it is weak, such as lower the people’ s taxation with their income and daily expenses. The second half of fiscal policy involves government spending. The government can use the taxation in the social programs, highways, environmental protection and so on. 2. The government can publish some rules and regulations to standard the gambling industry, such as the ages of the people, the behavior of the people and the so many things. For the government is the most powerful construction, every people will follow the rules and regulations in the gambling places. 3. The government can use the criminal laws to punish the people who break the laws in the society because of the gambling. Some people lose all his money in the casino, so he will choose to rob in the society. The government can use the laws to limit their behavior and can lead them to the right way 4. The government can make the gambling business to be a better entertaining business for people than the gambling business that owed by providing business. 2. How do you feel that? Do you buy that argument? Explain! In my opinion, I do not agree with that and I do not buy that argument. Gambling business is a good way to raise money, which is under the control of the governments. However, the reason why governments participate to the gambling business is to keep the business and society environments peaceful. In addition, â€Å"the Canadians do not seem to mind creating revenue by having some fun, instead of just paying higher taxes†, I do not agree with this statement. Under the great pressure of the work and the competition of the society, many people think that gambling can make them feel relaxed and can help them to release their stress. They are also worried about the tax will become higher and higher. â€Å" nobody is forced to gamble, so it is a kind of voluntary tax† I also do not agree with this statement. Some people find it difficult to support their life and they will choose to put all of their money and property into gamble. As result, they lose all of their money even lose their families. These kinds of people find no way to get money and the life force them to take a risk. 3. Do you agree with either of these concerns? Why? What can be done to improve the situation? I agree with these concerns. In the society, many people indulge gambling because of the high stress and curiosity. They stay in the casino or other gambling places day and night and forget everything. When they lose money, they will not be reconciled and they want to win all the money back. When they win some money, they want to win more money. As a result, these kinds of people lose all the money, which make all their friends are disappointed. Some family members can stand anymore and they want to separate with these gamblers, so the families are broken down. In addition, these gamblers will become more and more depressed with their life and they find no hope with their life. Finally, their lives will be in trouble. Also, easy access to VLTs is very bad for young persons. It will bring great harm to the young people. There are 3 ways can improve the situation. Firstly, the government must be attach great importance at this situation and arouse people to hard working, instead of gambling. The governments can provides people with some skill training courses for free that people can obtain more skills to work better. Besides that, government can give more support to the low- income people, and give hope to their life. Secondly, the society should form a good atmosphere of hard-working. In addition, the societal construction can bring some mind tutorial courses to the people who have the trouble with their life. Thirdly, some businesses can sponsor some activities to their employees that can release their stress and give them some bonus in the proper way. This is a good way to encourage the employees to work harder and improve their life. Finally, people should have a good attitude to life. Working hard can bring them happiness and do not hope to get anything from the gambling. 4. Wouldn’t taxes have to be raised to replace these revenues? Would you mind paying more taxes? Do you think your parents or family members would mind? Do you have other suggestion? Taxes should not be raised to replace the gambling revenues. I do mind paying more taxes to replace the gambling revenues, so do my family members. Nowadays, the taxation is enough for people to carry, such as the income taxes, business taxes, consume taxes and so on. There is no need to improve the tax rate. The government should perform its duties well. Firstly, running the gambling business in a proper way is vital. The government should have the strict laws and regulations that make all the people to follow. Secondly, the government should receive the proper taxes from the gambling business. Thirdly, the government should show more concern to the people and try best to offer help to the people, instead of increasing the tax rate. Finally, the government can have different level tax rate of the gambling. For example, the person who put a lot of money to the gambling, he will have higher tax rate. The more money that people have, the higher tax rate he will receive.

The Trauma Radiography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Trauma skiagraphy is one process contain in medical imagination. It is rather exciting or nerve-racking for radiographers. For certain radiographers maybe it is really nerve-racking because there are a batch of unexpected instances that required a batch of technique to use during plants in exigency room. To guarantee that the injury skiagraphy is non nerve-racking the radiographer must ache and hold a batch of accomplishments plants in exigency room. First of all, I would to specify that the definition of injury is as sudden, unexpected, dramatic, forceful or violent actions. In United states the individuals which age around 34years old can take to decease when there are in trauma skiagraphy. This statistics excludes suicide and homicide-related decease. Trauma, homicide and self-destruction rank foremost, 2nd and 3rd severally as the taking causes of decease in individuals age 15-24 old ages. Emergency medical attention of 10 is difference between life and deceases when knowing or u nitintentional injuires occur. Many types of installations provide exigency medical attention runing from major, metropolitan centres to little outpatients clinics in rural country. The term traumatic centres signifies a specific degree of exigency degree of exigency attention as defined by American College of Surgeons Commision on Trauma. Trauma centre are categorized into four degrees of attention. Level 1 is the most comprehensive and flat 4 is the most basic. A degree 1 is halfway normally a university based centre, research installation or big medical centre. It provide the most comprehensive exigency medical attention available with complete imaging capablenesss 24 hours a twenty-four hours. All types of forte doctors are available on sites 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Radiographers besides available for 24 hours a per twenty-four hours. A flat 2 centre likely has all of the same specialised attention available but differs in that it is non research or learning infirmary and some forte phcsicians may non be available for 24 hours. Level 3 possibly located in smaller community where degree 1 and 2 attention is non available. Level 3 besides possibly did n't hold any forte but they are stand by to reassign patient to a larger injury centre. A degree 4 is halfway possibly is non in infirmary at all but instead a clinic or outpatient setting.these installations normally provide attention for minor hurts every bit good as offer stabilisation and arrange for transportation of more serious hurts to a larger injury centre. The trauma incident that is normally happen that is including blunt, explosive, perforating and heat consequence in hurts. The illustrations of blunt injury that is motor vehicle accident ( MVA ) , which includes bikes incidents and hits with prosaic, falls and aggravated assault. The penetrating injury is includes gunshot lesions, stab lesions, impalent hurts and foreign organic structure consumption or aspiration. Explosive injury causes hu rts by several mechanism including force per unit area daze moving ridge, high speed missile and Burnss. Nathan birnbaums possibly because by a figure of agents including of fire, steam and hot H2O, chemicals, electricity and cryopathy. Specialized Equipment Time is critical component in injury skiagraphy in salvaging the patients. To minimise the clip required to acquired diagnostic xray images many exigency room that is located an imaging equipment to guarantee the process can be done every bit speedy as possible. The injury radiogram besides must non to travel a batch the patient and required more maneuvering of the tubing and images receptor. Specialized injury equipment is design to supply for a greater flexcibility in xray tubing and Ir maneuvering. These equipment is to assist the patient and minimise the motion of the hurt patient while executing imaging process. Additionally the exigency room are equipped with specialised beds or stretchers that have movable tray to keep the IR. This moveble tray can let the used of nomadic radiographic unit and eliminates the demand and hazard of reassigning an injured patient to radiographic tabular array. Mobile skiagraphy is midely utilised in the exigency room.many patient will hold hurts t hat prohibit to reassign to a radiographic tabular array or their conditions possibly excessively critical to disrupt intervention. Trauma radiographers must be competent in managing nomadic radiographic units on about any portion of the organic structure and utilizes accoutrement devices needed to bring forth quality nomadic images. Mobile fluoroscopy units normally referred to as c-arm because of their forms are going more platitude in exigency room. C-arm are design to cut down fractured process, foreign organic structure localisation in limb and cut downing articulations disruptions. Positioning assistance are necessary in trauma skiagraphy. Spoges, sandbags and the originative used of tapes are frequently thee most utile radiographer tools. Most trauma patient is unable to keep the needed places as a consequence of strivings or impaired consciousness. Other patients can non be moved into proper places because to make so would worsen their hurt. Proper used of positioning assist ance is assist in speedy process to suit the patient conditions. Grids and IR holders are necessities since many projections required the used of a horizontal cardinal beam. Inspect grids routinely because harm grid will be frequently cause image artefact. Exposure Factor The of import that should be considers in taking images of trauma patient is gesture. The shortest possible exposure clip that can be set should be used in every process except when take a breathing technique is desired. Unconscious patient are unable to suspend respiration for the exposure. Conscious patient are normally in utmost hurting and unable to collaborate for the process. Radiographic exposure factor compensations possibly required when devising exposure through immobilisations devices like a spine board or backboard. Most trauma patient arrive at the infirmary with some type of immobilisations devices. Pathological factors besides should be see when puting proficient factors. For case internal hemorrhage in the abdominal pit would absorb a greater sum of radiation than a bowel obstructor. Positioning of the patient The primary challenge of the injury radiographer is to obtain high quality, diagnostic images on the first effort when the patient is unable to travel into the coveted place. Many methods are available to accommodate a everyday projection and obtain the coveted images of the anatomical portion. To minimise hazard of worsening the patient status, the xray tubing and IR should be place instead than the patient or the portion. For illustration place the the stretcher adjacent to the perpendicular bucky or unsloped tabular array every bit frequently as the patient status allows. This location enable accurate placement with minimum patient motion for cross-table sidelong images ( dorsal decubitus places ) on legion parts of the organic structure. Additionally the grid in the tabular array or perpendicular bucky is normally high ratio than those used for nomadic skiagraphy, so image contrast is improved. Another technique to to increase efficiency while minimising patient motion is to take all of the ap projections og the requested scrutinies, traveling superiorly to inferiorly. Then execute all of the sidelong projections of the requested scrutinies traveling inferiorly to superiorly. The method travel the xray tubing in the most expeditious mode. When taking radiogram to laocalize a perforating foreign object or slug, the entryway or issue lesions should be Markss with radiopaque marker that is seeable on all projections. Radiographer Role in Trauma Radiography The function of radiographer within the ER finally depends on the section protocol and staffing, every bit good as the extent of exigency attention provided by the installation. Regardless of the size of the installation the primary duties of radiographer in an exigency state of affairss include the followers ; Perform quality diagnostic imagination as requested. Practice ethical radiation protection Provide competent attention It is impossible to rank these duties because they occur simulataneously and all are critical to quality attention in Er. Diagnostic Imaging Procedure Producing a high quality diagnostic images is one of the more obviously functions of radiographer. A radiographer in the injury environment has the added duties to execute that undertaking expeditiously. Efficiency and productiveness are common and practicals ends for radiology section. Diagnostic imagination in ER is paramount to accurate timely and frequently life salvaging diagnosing. Radiation Protection in Trauma Radiography One of the most indispensable responsibilities and ethical duties of injury radiographer is radiation protection of the patient the members of the injury squad and ego. In extremely critical attention state of affairss members of the injury squad can non go forth the patient while imaging processs are being performed. The injury radiographer must guarantee the other squad members are protected from any unneeded radiation exposure. Common patterns should minimally include the undermentioned ; Close collimation to the anatomy of involvement to cut down spread Gonadal screening for the patients of child bearing age ( when making so does non interfere with the anatomy og involvement Lead aprons for all forces that remain in the room during the process Exposure factors that minimize patient dosage and spread radiation Announcement of hindering exposure to let unneeded forces to go out the room Considerations besides must be given to patients nearby stretchers. If there are less than 6 pess of the distance from the xray tubing, appropriate should be provided. Some of the greatest exposure to patient and medical forces are from fluoroscopic processs. If the c-arm fluoro unit is used in er particular safeguards should be topographic point to guarantee that exposure clip is kept minimal and all forces are have oning protective aprons. Patient Care As with all imagination processs trauma processs required a patient history. The patient may supply this, if he or she is witting or the attending doctor may inform you of the hurt and the patient position. If the patient witting, explicate what you are making in item and in term the patient can understand. Listen to the patient rate and mode of address which may supply penetration into his or her mental and emotional position. Make an oculus contact with the patient to supply comfort and reassurance. Keep in head that a trip to the ER is emotionally nerve-racking event, irrespective of the badness of hurt or unwellness. Radiographers are frequently responsible for the entire attention of the trauma patient while executing diagnostic imagination process. Therefore it is critical that radiographers invariably assess the patient conditions, acknowledge any mark of diminutions or hurt and study any alteration in the position of the patient conditions to the go toing doctor. The injury r adiographer must be good versed in taking critical mark and cognizing normal scopes, competent in cardiorespiratory resusicitation, disposal of O and covering with all types of medical exigencies. The radiographer must be prepared to execute these processs when covered by a standing physician order or section policy allows. Additionally the radiographers should be familiar with the location and content of the grownup and peadiatric clang carts and understand how to used suctioning devices. The familiar ABC air manner external respiration and basic support life technique must be invariably assessed during the radiographic process. Ocular review and verbal inquiring enables radiographer to find if the position of patient alterations during the process Common Injuries Happen Hypovolemic or hemorrhagic daze is medical status where there are abnormally low degree in blood plasma in the organic structure such that the organic structure is unable to decently keep blood force per unit area. Vasovagal reactions is besides called a vasovagal onslaught or situational faint. It is a physiological reaction of nonvoluntary nervous system or normal physiologic response to emotional emphasis. The patient may kick of sickness, flowers, experiencing lightheaded and loss consciousness for several seconds. Cerebrovascular accident is normally called a shot caused by thrombosis, intercalation or bleeding in the vas of the encephalon. Best Practice In Trauma Radiography Speed- injury radiographers must bring forth high quality images in shortest sum of clip. Celerity in executing a diagnostic scrutiny is excessively critical to salvaging the patient life. Many practical method that addition scrutiny efficiency without giving image quality. Accuracy – Injury radiographers must supply accurate images with a minimum sum of deformation and the maximal sum record item. Shortest and minimising the exposure clip and uncontrolled patient gesture. Quality – Quality does non hold to be sacrificed to bring forth an image rapidly. Make non fall into the trap of the patient status as an excuses for careless placement and accepting less than high quality images. Positioning – Careful safeguards must be taken to guarantee that public presentation of the imaging process does non worsen the patient hurts. The aureate regulation of two projections at he right angle from one another still applies. Equally frequently as possible, place the tubing and the IR instead than the patient, to obtain the coveted projections. Practice Standard Precaution – Exposure to the bloody and organic structure fluids should be expected in the injury skiagraphy. Wear baseball mitt, mask and the gown when appropriate. Place IR and sponges in nonporous plastic to protect from the organic structure fluids. Wash hands decently and maintain all equipment Is clean and ready to used. Immobilization- Never take any immobilisation device without doctors order. Supply proper immobilisation and support to increase patient comfort and minimise hazard of gesture. Expecting – Anticipating required particular projections or diagnostic processs for certain hurts makes the radiographer critical portion of the ER squad. For illustration patient necessitating surgery by and large required an xray of the thorax. Fracture of pelvic girdles frequently required cystogram to find the position of urinary vesica. Bing prepared to execute these scrutiny rapidly and understand the necessity of the extra images instill assurance in and creates an grasp for the function of the radiographer in exigency scene. Attention To Detail – Never leave a trauma patient or any patient unattend during imaging process. The patient status may alter at any clip and it is radiographer duty to observe these alterations and describe them instantly to go toing doctor. If you are unable to treat images while keeping oculus contact with your patient, call for the aid. Person must be with the injured patient all the clip. Attention To Department Protocol And Scope Of Practice – Know the section protocol and pattern merely within your competency and abilities. The range of pattern for radiographer varies from province to province and from state to state. Be certain to analyze and understand the range of your function in exigency scene. Do non supply or anything by oral cavity. Always ask the doctor before giving the patient anything to eat or imbibe no affair how relentless the patient may be. Professionalism- Ethical behavior and professionalism in all state of affairss and with every individual in demand of all wellness attention professional but the conditions encounter in the ER can be peculiarly complicated. PATIENT PREPARATIONS It is of import to retrieve that the patient has endured and emotionally distressing and straitening event in add-on to physical hurts he or she may hold sustained. If the patient is witting, speak calmly and look straight in the patient eyes while explicating the process that have been ordered. Make non presume that the patient can non or will react. Check the patient exhaustively for the point that might do an artefact on the images. Explaining what you are taking from the patient and why. Be assure to put all the removal personal effects particularly valuable in the proper container used by the installation or in the designated secure country. Every installation has process sing proper storage of patient personal belonging. Be certain to cognize the process and follow it carefully.

Journals for as I Lay Dying Essay

Most authors give small details throughout the novel of where and when a story takes place, and the reader must piece the bits together. As I lay dying is no exception and like any other book gives many examples of setting. First off you can tell that the story takes place many years ago through simple statements given throughout the novel. For example, when it says that all of the women inside of the house had to use fans to cool themselves it suggests that air conditioning was not around yet, therefore it was an earlier time. (Page 81) Also throughout the entire beginning of the novel Cash’s only tools for building Addie’s coffin are a saw and hammer, there is no mention of any newer power tools. Then when Anse is talking to some of the other men about transporting Addie’s coffin a character mentions that the bridge was built back when his first child was born in 1988. (83) Also on page 83 when the flooding of said bridge is noted someone comments on how they h ad to float their horses across the water to get to Anse’s house. This shows that the novel took place many years ago in the late 1800’s when people relied on horses to get around. Also whenever anyone mentions transportation they talk about their wagons aka: They travel in wagons because cars do not exist yet. The final piece of evidence which shows the story took place some time back is when Cash is finally finishing Addie’s coffin at night in the pouring rain and he has to use a lantern to see in the dark. (Page 57) It shows that this novel took place before flashlights were around because Cash had to give up his raincoat to keep the lantern dry and lit whereas if this had taken place at a more current time he would have used a flashlight and kept himself dry. The time frame which this story takes place stays consist but the place changes as the novel progresses. In the beginning we learn that the Bundruns house sits alone right in front of a road (page 35) Then later when doctor Peabody comes to visit we learn that they live atop a mountain (page 41) Another thing noted is that the Bundruns own a good amount of property for their limited funds and th ey own their own barn house as well. (Page 38). Later the story takes place on the road as the Bundruns make their way towards Jefferson. One of the many examples of this is on page 156 when Anse mentions the slippery dirt road and the difficulties it might pose for the remainder of their travel. Journal 2 and 3: mother is a fish tools=cash Addie=coffin Anse unable to smooth blankets page 51 jewl’s mother is a horse and is what was 95 The fish plays a symbolic role in helping Vardaman understand death. â€Å"It was not her because it was laying right yonder in the dirt. And now it’s all chopped up. I chopped it up. It’s laying in the kitchen in the bleeding pan, waiting to be cooked and ate. Then it wasn’t and she was, and now it is and she wasn’t† (66-67). This was Vardaman’s childlike explanation for his mother’s death. This quote conveys how the fish was a fish lying in the dirt, now it is no longer a fish because it no longer has a body. Similarly when Addie is laid to rest in her coffin her body will be no more. By his mother dying if â€Å"Cash nails the box up†, his mother will no longer be his mother (66).Addie â€Å"was† a fish rather than â€Å"is† a fish. The fish symbolizes Addie’s death to Vardaman in a sense that physical being conveys existence. Throughout the beginning sections of the novel, Cash has always been described as sawing or hammering. The tools eventually start to represent Cash himself. In fact before anyone even see’s Cash the sawing and the hammering of his tools are heard first. Cash is very stable and persistent just like his tools. While Cash was constructing the coffin with his tools even when it began to rain, Cash continued to work. â€Å"Cash works on†¦dynamic immobility above his tireless elbow†¦It begins to rain†¦in an instant Cash is wet to the skin. Yet the motion of the saw has not faltered, as though it and the arm functioned in tranquil conviction that the rain was an illusion of the mind† (77). By having the saw not falter, Cash’s steady, stable character is portrayed He is the level headed and most sane of all of the Bundruns. The tools themselves represented Cash’s true identity. If the tools were lost or not beside him he felt lost. When he’s not safely with his tools he loses his sanity. New teeth symbolize Anse’s selfishness. Even while everyone is gathered around his wife’s death bed, he can only think about getting ahold of new teeth.† God’s will be done,† he says, â€Å"Now I can get them teeth† (52). Anse displays selfishness by his bluntness. He simply states what’s done is done and then focuses on himself. He is constantly putting the needs, and desires of his children aside and focusing on his own wants. Even Dewy Dells abortion is second to him. Anse’s only life goal/motive throughout the novel is to get a pair of new teeth, even his goal to bury his own wife where he promised comes in s econd to getting his new teeth. He only wishes to bury Addie in Jefferson out of his own selfish reasons. The teeth represent his selfishness because at any time when everyone else is worried about Addie, he is not; he is off thinking about new teeth. He does not even come across remotely upset at losing his wife instead he fantasizes about teeth. Jewel’s relationship with his horse represents his relationship with his mother. Darl makes fun of Jewel and says his mother is a horse, suggesting that what Jewel feels for the horse is what he feels for his mother.(page 51) Jewel does act violently toward his horse, but it should be noted that Jewl’s character is one of violence. Jewel was born as the result of violence because of what Addie wanted from preacher Whitfield. Jewel’s monologues show the violent images in his mind. He has a stronger personality than any of the other Bundruns and people seem to fear him. He even expresses his love for Addie through Violence when He stands on high hill and throws rocks at people down below. It is also important to remember that it is Jewel who violently and single-handedly saves Addie from the river and the fire.(page 203) These acts show his love for his mother. Even though at times it is hard to believe he ever had love for his mother, like when he refuses to say goodbye to her when he knows it is the last time her will ever see her. He simply can’t express his emotions except in symbols of violence, and the intense loving; violent relationship with the horse is what provides insight into his character. Therefore his horse symbolizes the love he has for his mother and suggests the violent circumstances of his birth. Addie’s coffin comes to represent the family’s dysfunction. Cash is obsessed with getting the measurements right, yet the coffin remains unbalanced. Likewise all of the Bundruns themselves are unbalanced. Addie wants a coffin sturdy enough to insure her body gets to Jefferson, the city she has demanded she be buried in. Addie’s demand is selfish and she does not care for how much trouble it will cause her family. Cash breaks his leg when he goes after the coffin in the river and suffers untold pain. The youngest child Vardaman drills holes into the coffin accidentally drilling two holes into his mother’s face because he thinks she can’t breathe. (page 71) After eight days, the odor emanating from the coffin is putrid. It is almost as if the coffin is a jinx.(page 239) The coffin begins to symbolize the family’s dysfunction because all of the unlucky and tragic things that occur to the Bundruns surround the coffin. Burying the coffin symbolizes the return to normalcy. Although the Bundruns version normalcy is sending Darl off to a mental institution and finding a new Mrs. Bundren. One important and symbolic event is when Addie was nearing her death and Anse is unable to smooth the blankets over her on page 51. This shows just how much their marriage had collapsed and how little they cared for each other. Anse has no true love for his wife in his heart, therefore caring acts such as smoothing her blankets while she is on her deathbed do not come naturally to him. Addie has no love for Anse either and she only glares at Anse as he attempts to smooth her blankets. She does not want his touch or him in the room even. Also in this scene when Addie finally passes Dewey Dell reacts emotionally and throws herself on her mother and Vardiman and Cash both react with some sadness as well. While Anse’s thoughts still seem to be stuck on teeth, he does not even comment further on his wife’s death he only tells Dewey Dell to go along and make supper and goes to once again awkwardly cover Addie with a blanket and try to smooth it. Journal 4: figurative language William Faulkner has a different writing style than most other authors, even his use of figurative language is one of his own. Something that stands out about his use of figurative language is that nine times out of ten he uses it to describe nature. For example, Faulkner uses a simile to show that an entire day has passed in only 1  ½ pages. He uses the position of the sun to show that it is already evening. â€Å"The sun, an hour above the horizon, is poised like a bloody egg upon a crest of thunderheads.† (page 39) Another thing one might notice about Faulkner’s technique is that he tends to compare people, objects, or characteristics with animals. One example of this is when Faulkner compares Anse to a rooster. â€Å"His hair was pushed back and matted up on his head like a dipped rooster†. (pg. 43) This was when Addie was very near to death and many neighbors were visiting her on her deathbed. Anse is outside on the porch standing alone, and zoned out in his own world. Faulkner uses this simile to show just how much Addie’s sickness/almost death has affected Anse. The reader gets the image of just how much stress Anse has been put under. (Although his anxiousness probably has a little more to do with getting new teeth than Addie) Another simile in As I Lay Dying is when the women’s chatting coming from inside the house is compared to the buzzing of bees. â€Å"The women’s talking was buzzing like bees in a bucket from inside the house.† (pg. 81) The author is comparing the women’s talking to bee’s to show how much more frantically and quickly they are chatting and gossiping as opposed to the men’s calmer, slower, and more series conversation. Journal 8: In its broadest terms, the structure of As I Lay Dying revolves around the preparations for and the actual journey from the Bundren farm to a town forty miles away in order t o bury Addie Bundren. Also, like most novels during the journey, several conflicts arise and the Bundruns must solve through them. So, in one sense, the novel has a linear structure based upon their traveling 40 miles from their mountain home to Jefferson to fulfill Addie’s dying wish, but the novel is also structured in such a way that the author has virtually removed himself from the story and it is the characters telling the story. There are exactly fifty-nine chapters in the novel and each is narrated by a character Faulkner accomplishes many things through his unique use of structure. For one thing he forces the reader to submerge themselves in the story. Because he has removed himself as a narrator there is no one straight point of view to explain events or ideas and the reader has to compare the different opinions and differing viewpoints from all of the characters and determine for themselves the significance of a particular event. Another thing different about his technique is that it allows us to see the inner thoughts of ALL the characters rather than just one main characters. We see into the mind of each character directly and must analyze what we find there. He does not give any background information on any of his characters; instead the reader must examine characters inner thoughts and on their own determine what type of characters they are. Along with this we are able to see each event from many different perspectives. With multiple narrations the reader can see each event from all of the differing viewpoints and observe how each character saw it and their own opinion on it. Because of this ,we learn more about the character. His unique style lets the reader become a part of the novel by drawing them in more and forcing them to piece together their own idea of what each characters personality is like. Another interesting thing about Faulkner’s style is that he is careful to include outside narrators to remind the reader that the Bundruns are not typical people. For example, all of the other characters find it absurd that Anse is going to drag his wife’s dead body such a long distance and they find it disrespectful to her spirit for him not to bury her as soon and as conveniently as possible. If the story were confined to only the Bundruns points of view, the reader would not realize that this dead body stinks so badly and that the Bundruns are violating basic morals by transporting the body such a long distance. The outside narrators give the novel a sense of the real world. In conclusion the book does have a central problem involving Addie’s request to be buried and her family determination to fulfill it, and then the structure of the novel forces the reader to solve these problems for themselves by analyzing each character. Journal 9 and 10: key passages â€Å"He did not know that he was dead.† (P. 173) After Addie gave birth to Cash, she closed herself off to Anse. To Addie, her husband Anse was dead. This is apparent even in the beginning of the novel because one can sense the barrier between Addie and Anse. Addie has no interest in anything Anse says and does not even wish to see him in her final hours. Anse on the other hand does not even care about his wife’s death because he is preoccupied with getting new teeth. After Addie gave birth to Cash she starts to feel like Anse has taken her identity away from her, and that now she cannot be her own person because she is forced to be part of a family. She resents Anse for this. She also resents the attachment of being part of a family. This is why she feels like her â€Å"aloneness has been violated.† This is also the reason for Addie’s affair with Whitfield – to rebel against her role in the family. It is her own personal revenge against Anse. The product was Jewel. She then begins to share a special connection with Jewl. Darl and Cash belonged to Anse and she never really wanted them. Having them in the first place was really just about her duty as a wife. But Anse isn’t Jewel’s father; therefore, Jewel is Addie’s and only Addie’s. To her, Jewl is living proof that she was able to break out of her position as the wife and act as an independent person. Sometimes I think it aint none of us pure crazy and aint none of us pure sane until the balance of us talks him that-a-way. It’s like it aint so much what a fellow does, but it’s the way the majority of folks is looking at him when he does it. Page 248 This is said from Cash’s point of view, and is his opinion on whether or not Darl is Insane. Cash starts to contemplate what IS sanity exactly? Who is to determine what is and isn’t sane, what if what others might consider insanity is really just Darl’s refusal to conform to the social norms? When you consider all of the misery the Bundruns mission to bury Addie has created from beginning to end you may start to think that maybe Darl is not insane. The entire bunch of the Bundruns were crazy, abnormal and could in someone else’s opinion be considered insane. Jewl is unnecessarily violent, Dewy Dell is a whore, Anse is incredibly selfish, and even little Vardamin is out of sorts. Cash notes that maybe Darl is the only one declared insane because the rest of his family’s opinions outnumber his. This goes all the way back to the very beginning of the family’s dysfunctions starting with when Anse’s marriage with Addie fell apart and then Addie’s health failed. Throughout the entire book the Bundruns seem to have trouble getting along until finally the coffin is buried and they seem to return to their version of normal. Journals 5 and 6 One of the most obvious rhetoric techniques Faulkner uses is his writing style. It is written as a stream of consciousness, and it is so skillfully done that it adds depth to the novel. As I lay dying is told from multiple perspectives, and each chapter is narrated by a different character. Faulkner’s virtuosity is seen by the way he adjusts his style to fit the mind of each individual narrator. The reader is given more detail for each event because they are able to view the event from multiple perspectives. Faulkner has very skillfully imitated the way the human brain processes images and puts them into words. The reader is really placed inside the various characters’ heads. This rhetoric technique lets the reader experience the book as if they are omnisciently viewing the events themselves. Faulkner uses a lot of repetition in As I Lay dying to get certain points across.

Origins of the cold war beginning in around 1920 Essay

Origins of the cold war beginning in around 1920 - Essay Example The fear of communism in America in 1920s imposed a great threat to USA because they had overthrown the Royal family in Russia in 1917 and murdered them. The communists were then blamed for several strikes that took place including the police of Boston as well as Steel and Coal workers. This article attempts to analyse the origin of the Cold War in 1920s. The Red Scare of the 1920s saw the headquarters of dissident and communist institutions raided without any warranty and numerous people were arrested but were never neither tried nor allowed to access counsel. The media stations were shut down, as some legal immigrants were deported and the judicial system turned a blind eye because the Americas national security was dominant. Interestingly the people whose homes were ransacked did not even have weapons as expected and only three guns were found yet the people could not question the legality of their arrests. It is undeniable that numerous of anarchists and communist were rounded up by Palmer with the help of local law enforcement officials (Murray 82-90). House and the senate debated over the bills that provided draconian sanctions for the people who uttered seditious statements and Palmer believed that responding to public clamour for antiradical action would help in his presidential ambition. A number of sweeping took place in dozens of cities for a very long time as well as smaller raids in different parts of the country. According to Murray many people were arrested and taken into custody without charges and held for long hours (82-90). The Republican district attorney was trying to upstage democratic attorney general even though Palmer got the credit of wholesale assaults on civil liberties rounded up numerous communists both. Barkey explains that the Justice Department agents and some local police got into homes and meeting places where they comprehensively arrested everybody they found in sight (136-137). Some men arrested in Detroit were imprisoned fo r three to six days in dark windowless, narrow corridors where they slept on bare stone floors, bullied by police, derived of food and were only allowed one toilet. The people were denied communication link with their relatives or attorneys and were charged for attending a dance, class or that they ate at the House of the Masses. The Boston Justice Department chained together detainees and matched them along the streets where they were harassed by the hecklings of Americans. There were similar events in Pittsburgh where congregated foreigners were driven away by trucks. Initially, Palmer’s actions were warmly received and the media reported different views such as â€Å"Fighting Quaker of the Cabinet† Uncle Sam’s Policeman, the Rooter out of Reds†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a man who showed a quality of courage for practicing ideas and more other headlines that strongly supported palmer. Palmer presented lots of case against the Reds by asserting that communism was an alien criminal who put the nation into jeopardy. There were proposals that the US government should restrict immigration and supress extremists and that real Americans were not aliens as the anarchists (Murray 190-195). Barkey explains

Envirnmental impact analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Envirnmental impact analysis - Essay Example The Nestle South project intends to develop mixed use facilities including residential properties, offices, retail, cafe, community centre, highway infrastructure and other ancillary works with approval subject to Section 106 Agreement (Peter 2009). Background The site was first developed in 1890 for the manufacture of cocoa and confectionary. In 2006 Nestle Rowntree expressed intention to upgrade and improve the northern part leaving the southern part for future development. The redevelopment is part of a capital investment project facilitating upgrading works and safeguarding the employment of 1800 employees. In response to the expression of interest to develop the site, the Council produced and adopted a Development Brief highlighting the Council’s vision, aspirations, objectives and requirements (Templeton and Taubenfeld 1987). The Council’s vision for the site is to create an inclusive new live/work community and cultural hub well integrated with surrounding areas. The development would accommodate a mix of uses and follow best practices, maintaining public space, high standards of design and sustainability. A high quality urban design recognising the distinctive urban character of the city and providing attractive and safe cycle/pedestrian routes through and around the area will create a sense of place while embracing low car use principles (Templeton and Taubenfeld 1987). The site referred to as Nestle South, here, is the southern side of the nestle factory site. The site area is approximately 7.41 ha, which is around 40% of the overall factory area. All buildings in the site have been demolished except those in the Conservation Area which has been retained for redevelopment as part of the application. To the east of the site is the Joseph Rowntree Memorial Library, the west consists of a block of buildings including; Almond Block Extension and the Hambleton Terrace, to the north is the remaining Nestle factory site. Beyond the nestle facto ry buildings are sports pitches and Bootham Stray. To the east are Nuffield Hospital, Joseph Rowntree Theatre and Haxby Road (Dinc?er 2010). In the southern part is Sustrans Cycle path connecting Clifton with Heworth and Heworth Without. The path is an important off road link in the city and can be used by pedestrians. A number of terraced streets including Hambleton Terrace separate the site from the City Centre just over 1 km south. To the west is the residential area of Clifton connected by Wigginton Road. There is green landscaping to the west, east and southern boundaries of the site. All trees in the area are exempt from the tree preservation orders (Dinc?er 2010; Jones 2012). PROPOSAL This application seeks to convert the Cream Block and Cream Block Extension, Almond Block Extension and the Joseph Rowntree Memorial Library, as well as the progression of the remainder of the site into a development project. The project intends to construct 8 live work units; 46 two bedroom fla ts and 28 student flats. The commercial part will include Retail 974 sq m and Office 4116 sq m, the Joseph Rowntree Memorial Library as per the proposal is to be converted into a cafe. The remainder of the site will accommodate around 200 residential properties and commercial properties consisting of 5884 sq m of an office block and 1335 sq m creche, community centre and gym (Jones 2012). Two vehicular access points are

Should Floridas school resource officers be permitted to use Tasers on Research Paper

Should Floridas school resource officers be permitted to use Tasers on youth - Research Paper Example The task force should consult a legal expert and all the stake holders to be affected by the policy. The policy is most effective when those affected by the policy are consulted, are supportive and have the opportunity to consider and discuss the potential implications of the policy. The task force team should afterwards embark on the gathering of information, which concerns the flawed Taser law in the State, consulting various stakeholders that have been affected directly or indirectly by the law. The policy should then be drafted. In drafting the policy, should consider the various components and structure of the draft policy. In this draft policy, we have dealt with the statement of the policy , that is, the policy aims at ensuring that the citizens of the Florida state receives quality services as far as justice to criminal offenders are concerned. The policy should include; underpinning philosophy, objectives, actions to be taken, strategies, desired outcomes, performance indica tors, management plan, and the review program. Security is a vital aspect for economic growth for any country. A secure nation is characterized by stability hence good economic and standard of living. In this regard, every government works hard to ensure that its nation is secure (Appleton, 2013). To attain a secure nation, there should be well-outlined policies that need to be implemented. How a country’s national security policies are developed, coordinated, articulated and implemented is critical for the well-being of the country. It is worth noting that establishing policies is one aspect but implementation of those policies is another aspect. However, the foundation is the establishment of those policies. In this regard, the security agents needs a well-defined and smoothly functioning policy development and decision making process (Appleton, 2013). Studies suggest

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC Essay

THEORY, PRACTICE AND EVIDENCE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY A DYNAMIC TRILOGY - Essay Example Dissociative disorders may be thought of in terms of adaptation. The dissociative response to stress has served an adaptive role in the patient's life in the past in that it has protected the person against the full-blown impact of intense emotional pain and trauma. By the time someone with dissociative problems is in treatment or is seen by an occupational therapist, the dissociate is no longer adaptive. It interferes with the person's ability to face and cope with reality, and thus with the ability to function. The purpose of occupational therapy treatment for patients with dissociative disorders is twofold. Patients need first to recognize their fear of experiencing emotions and begin to allow and accept their feelings. They need to recognize formerly traumatic events that hold many conflicting, painful feelings for them. Occupational therapy and expressive and cognitive media can aid in individual's exploration toward self-awareness. Second, occupational therapy can help people learn new functional ways of coping when their fears interfere with functioning and daily life. The acknowledgement and acceptance of painful emotions can be very frightening for patients with dissociative disorders who understandably may have a difficult time choosing to face their difficult realities over choosing a more familiar and comfortable escape. It takes time and the development of a trustworthy therapeutic relationship for patients to be willing to risk this change. Part of "accepting" feelings involves learning more effective ways to cope with the accompanying pain rather than escaping into the altered reality or different personality. This involves, first, learning to recognize personal patterns of dissociation - in other words, when, where, how and under what circumstances dissociation tends to occur - in order to avoid using these old patterns when stress increases. Second, it involves relearning and learning specific new strategies for coping with stresses that may have induced the person to dissociate in the first place. The integrating of personalities means that some personalities will no longer exist as separate and distinct. Alters typically perform specific, compartmentalized functions. Talents and skills that may have resided with one alter may thus be lost, resulting in a loss of familiar ways of coping. Therefore, the newly integrated individual may have much to relearn. An individual will typically have learned to dissociate to the exclusion of learning other, adaptive ways of coping. In this case, unfamiliar new ways of coping must be learned and new roles may have to be taken over and learned by the remaining personality or personalities. Occupational therapists, in conjunction with other members of the treatment team, can assist patients with dissociative disorders in all the ways described in the succeeding sections of the paper. The Therapeutic Approach Occupational Therapists can aid the therapy team by gathering historical information. This may often be expressed through a nonverbal medium (art, drawing, sculpting, and crafts) and thus is more likely to be facilitated in the occupational therapy process than in other therapies. Through the same process, occupational therapists can learn general information about specific alter personalities such as their names, ages, reasons why they were created and functions they serve for the

International studiesGrowth Development of Nations Essay

International studiesGrowth Development of Nations - Essay Example It has also helped in transfer of technical know how, transfer of knowledge, export and import of goods and services, etc. But, as rightly stated by Rosenberg, globalization, which was meant to signify unity and integrity has no way proved to be successful instead resulted in cold war between countries for their share in the global market. Further, it is mentioned by Ellwood that gaps between rich and poor are widening and decision making power is concentrated in the hands of few developed and powerful nations (11). Rightly so, Rosenberg mentions in the article "Free Trade Fix" wherein the right to make decisions lie in the hands of IMF which is controlled by the United States and other European countries. The scenario of Puebla State in Mexico where the farmers cultivating corn have become the victims of globalization due to cheap corn being imported from US as part of free trade agreement between the two nations. The globalization has resulted in great opportunities like transfer of skills, employment, transfer of goods and services, etc. but it has all happened in pursuit of cheap labor in poor countries.

Types of Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Types of Research Methods - Essay Example The paper tells that the factors that govern the methodology employed include; subtype of research necessary, subject selection for the research study, a decision on how to sample, a possibility of a pilot study to ensure the validity of the process through various research methods. Singh agrees that central to literature, research methodology is the type of research to be undertaken. There are two key types of research. They are qualitative research and quantitative research. Research methodology is dependent on these two factors. Qualitative research seeks to investigate intangible aspects of literature; especially about emotions, meanings, and descriptions. The intangibles under investigation are values, beliefs or ideas. Quantitative research seeks to verify existing explanations, regarding etiological aspects of a story, through measurement of variables. When reporting a researcher applies a number of research methods that are specific to certain techniques of research. The type s of research methods applicable include observation, survey, contact method and experimental method. Each of these methods has strengths and limitations. In essence, to indulge inaccurate data collection, one needs to be aware of the said aspects of the data collection methods to make the necessary adjustments to the data that result whenever warranted. This refers to the research method that employs the use of researcher’s eyes, watching the study area to gather information. Data collected by observation is primary data. The data collected is complete since the researcher knows what he is looking for when he goes to the field to observe. The research techniques influence the subtypes of the observation method that will be applicable. The first subtype is the structured observation. This is the main subtype employed for descriptive purposes of observation. Unstructured observation, on the other hand, is employed with a view of formulating explanations to a research question and validating it given hypothesis or otherwise.

Cyber security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber security - Coursework Example An example of how cultural values impact on the moral legitimacy can be drawn on the norms regarding theft in society. The golden rule concerning ethical behavior stresses on treating other as you would wish for them to treat you (Cavalier, 2005). Consequently, the cultural norm pertaining to theft is that, it is a vice and a morally illegitimate behavior. On the other hand, if one’s cultural values ascribe to the ethics that justifies an action is morally right so long as it results to personal interest, the moral legitimacy is granted (Spinello, 2004). The implication, resulting here is that theft is morally justified since it serves to benefit the thief. The linkage between the effect cultural values and cyber ethics is intricate and drawn from the moral legitimacy of one’s actions (Spinello, 2000). For, example in the case of content piracy, it is a form of theft yet based on the actor’s different points of view, issues pertaining to legitimacy arise. Foremos t, there is one individual who views content piracy as illegal and a violation of cyber ethics. His/her logic is drawn from the tenets of the Golden rule. However, on the flip side, there is one internet user who justifies his/her action based on the personal benefit derived from the action. His or her logic arguments include; why pay for expensive, when I can freely download it from the piracy sites? Besides, I am not harming anyone by my actions? Consequently, the different perspective regarding one’s cultural values and legitimacy of moral actions are the major challenges about the regulation of cyber ethics. Topic 2 Ethics refers to the prescribed set of laws that govern the precincts of right or wrong behavior or actions in society (Averweg, 2006). The contemporary society is rapidly developing into a global village due to increased access and growth of information technology. Furthermore, companies have integrated information technology in facilitating their day to day functions. Beneath the growing fascination with internet use, there lies the need for developing a code of ethics that guides the behavior and actions of employees in the use of information and communication technologies. There are several practices that can be integrated in the acceptable internet use policy of a company. Foremost, guidelines should specify that data must be strictly used for the satisfaction of the company’s business objectives. Furthermore, access to the internet can only be done via the company’s authorized firewall, router and content scanning software. Moreover, any employee accessing data should respect and comply with the legal protection accorded to it by the relevant licenses and copyrights. In addition guidelines regarding security of both data collected and user should be addressed. Consequently, security measures such as encryptions and firewall software are to be applied in the company’s computer server system (Criddle). In relatio n to the acceptable conduct policy, a specific guideline for inclusion pertains to disclosure of data use information. Consequently, all employees are obligated to disclose any information regarding the type of data they store and their plans for usage. Furthermore, company staff should only access and collect data in a manner that is not deemed as illegal or unfair. Another guideline pertains to the accuracy of data collection and retention policy. In light of this policy, all employees

Risk Involved in Foreign Direct Investment Essay

Risk Involved in Foreign Direct Investment - Essay Example Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC) is responsible in regulating the telecommunications sector. The political aspect is also explored as it is the political system that drafts the rules that outline how business operations are run. In conclusion, I argue that multinational companies need to strike a consensus with the Sri Lanka government in reference to regulatory conditions. As it will become clear in this paper, the role of multinational corporations in the development of economies cannot be underestimated. However, some risks for example those related to the political aspect of governance may prove to be a big obstacle to multinational corporations seeking to invest in Sri Lanka. It is on this basis that this paper comes up to consider the response options available to multinational corporations that operate in the country. Through the use of questionnaires, data relating to the operation of multinational corporations and the risks involved is collected. Through the use of statistical means the data is compiled and analysed. The study finds out that indeed there are political and regulation risks that define operations of multinational corporations in Sri Lanka. This regulation becomes a critical aspect as the rules and regulations are not applied across the board. Through the use of econometric analysis, it is found that political and regulation risks are statistically significant as they influence investing patterns. The small inflow of FDI indicates the response by MNCs towards such regulation. It is however proposed in this paper that the firms should respond by negotiating with governments rather than such withdrawals. It is concluded on the basis of the findings that there indeed exist a connection between political and regulation risks and operations of MNCs in Sri Lanka (Akram 2003).

Aggressive in behaviour Essay Example for Free

Aggressive in behaviour Essay I will use this as my title for the purposes of planning. In 1998, 47% of female prisoners had dependent children (Flynn, 1998:75). In 1999 this was estimated to be more like 55% based on those with children sixteen or under. With the female prison population numbering around 3,250, the number of women estimated to have young children is 1788 (Harris, 2000:iv). So I feel it would be useful to try and locate around 10% of this number and ask for permission to interview and study their children. This figure would still mean a lot of work for the researchers and there would need to be several as not all of those approached would give permission for the research to involve their children. As a result, I have determined that the best methods of research will be interviews and observations. The reason I have chosen these methodologies is because they are more informal, and when working with children, it is more likely to yield results than questionnaires. Questionnaires are problematical for younger children, who may be unable to write and face to face techniques are more likely to obtain information questionnaires are not always filled in or returned to the researchers (Bell, 1999:130). The benefits of interviewing and observation preclude the use of questionnaires, in part because they allow a certain flexibility for the researcher to further investigate any new ideas which may become apparent (Browne, 1997:406, 414). Observation is beneficial to the researcher because it can allow for additional details to be noted which the child might be unable or unwilling to express. Interviews permit a degree of familiarity between the researcher and the subject, and in turn may present opportunity to further discuss any points which the researcher feel are relevant. In questioning children, the ethics are complex. Permission to interview the child has to be obtained, and it might be unclear from whom it should be procured. The British Psychological Society in 1996 set down a code of ethics and conduct in which it was stipulated that if the research affects someone not able to give valid consent, i.e. a child under the age of eighteen, then it needs to be obtained from whomever has legal authority to give it (Lindsay, 2000:14-15). The first people deemed to be those with parental responsibility are the natural parents. Exceptions to this include a carer who has a resident order under the 1989 Children Act, anyone holding a temporary emergency protection order or the local authority if the child is in care (Masson, 2000:37). If the mother is in prison, as is necessary for his research, obtaining information regarding their children might be a contentious point. It will involve the co-operation of the prison management in addition to the parents, children, and the childs place of education. There being only sixteen prisons in England and Wales which house female prisoners (Flynn, 1998:57), I feel it would be easier to gain the information from a women-only establishment as the administration may be more familiar with the inmates and perhaps will be in a position to assist the research. This would require asking the prison to identify those prisoners with children, which I believe is a detail which would perhaps already be on a database. If this is not the case, it would then involve asking the women in the prison to come forward. This would undoubtedly cause difficulties, as they may not wish to do so, perhaps through disinterest in the research or an unwillingness to be set part from the others as a result of it. Women who have been separated from their children, for whatever reason, may be emotional as a result, and therefore sensitivity is an absolute necessity. The disruption to the prison is also something which needs to be taken into consideration, but:  most prisoners find it a welcome change to talk to outsiders  (King, 2000:303). Once women with children between the ages of two and seventeen years have been identified and approached, their permission to interview their children must be obtained. Authorisation should also be secured from the person caring for the child away from the prison, as it is actually ethically wrong to ask permission for such things from the parent not currently the full-time carer (Masson, 2000:38). I do not know the ethics on continuing on the sole permission of the carer rather than the mother. This is the only clear means of getting access to the information required, as it would be too difficult to poll schools for the information. They would not be able to divulge the data on the children without parental permission anyway. If permission is not given by the mother or the carer, the child will not be contacted in any way. It might be interesting, however, to ask why the parents did not want to take part. Once permission has been gained, the next step is to decide where would be best for the child to hold the interviews. The parents may have suggestions themselves, as they may prefer to have the interview conducted in their presence. This is something which will have to be taken into consideration in the conduct of the project, as it may have a bearing on the behaviour of the child. The presence of a parent, teacher or carer may influence the way the child acts, albeit perhaps indirectly, so affecting their responses to the questions. It would undoubtedly be better to interview all the children under the same conditions, but this might not be possible so it would be advisable to be prepared to be flexible. The best place would be somewhere neutral to the child perhaps a local community centre, preferably interviewing the child twice once with a parent, carer or teacher in the room, then once without them there. I believe this might show a variance in the childs attitude and behaviour towards the researcher and their questions, as they will have an audience to play to when someone they know well is in the room. It is essential, however, to interview the child in a setting in which they are comfortable. If the parents feel it would be best to interview at their home, then places such as the garden or even the stairs may provide a sense of security for the child (Masson, 2000:43). Otherwise another place to carry out an interview might be the childs school. If the child is hostile to their school-life however, this may introduce elements of bias into their interview compared to other children who may have been interviewed at home or at a community centre. The practicality of eliciting reliable information from a child (under eighteen years of age), is a point which quickly becomes clouded with other issues. The words of an adult may be too complex or the sentence structure poorly formed, so that a child become confused. This has been proven to be the case by several authors (Walker, 1994, Dockrell, Lewis Lindsay, 2000), and includes children up to the age of eighteen. Minors, even those nearly eighteen, are not always proficient in language skills, and may have difficulty understanding the wording of questions or in formulating their own answers (Walker, 1994:4). There is a need to be sure of how a child is answering a question put to them, as they could be responding to a part of a question rather than the whole question.

Social Work Theories Older Adults

Social Work Theories Older Adults 1. Introduction This essay concerns the application of social work theory and practice with adults within the context of a specific legislative framework. The assignment specifically takes up different aspects of social work theory and practice that concern the carers of old and disabled individuals. It makes specific use of the case study on Betty, her daughter Elizabeth, and other members of Elizabeths family. The case study is provided in the appendix to this essay. It is considered as read and is thus not described in the body of this essay. The assignment deals with the role of carers in the UK social work infrastructure and their needs and rights. It also takes up the importance of interprofessional participation and partnership between social and health care professionals and carers in delivery of social and health care, including the management of risk. 2. Identification of Issue This assignment focuses on the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs of Elizabeth, the 49 year old daughter of Betty, who is 74 and has been living with Elizabeth and her family for the last 2 years. Elizabeth, who is white, is married to Charles (48), who is black and of African-Caribbean origin. They have two children, Mathew (22) and Elisa (19), who live with them. Betty suffered from a stroke two months ago and is recovering in hospital. She has developed poor left side mobility on account of the episode and will require a wheel chair to move about. She has been medically assessed as ready to return home, where Elizabeth is expected to care for her. The situation and the caring relationship, whilst transparent and logical, has become complicated because of Charless redundancy from employment and his strained relationship with Mathew, who is yet to start earning. The domestic environment could become disturbed because of the possibility of Charles resuming his old drinking habits, the tendency of Mathew to engage in substance abuse and his stealing from his grandmother to fund his drug purchases and the possibility of Elisas moving out to live with her boyfriend. An application of Eriksons theory of human development reveals that Betty is now firmly entrenched in her late adulthood, whereas Elizabeth is in her middle adulthood. Betty, if she is properly cared for, will find it easy to accept her life stage and prepare for her final years with complacency. For Elizabeth, these are years of activity and being in charge. Taking care of Betty will add meaning to her life, reduce stagnation, and establish a caring and stable home environment. Elizabeth is obviously in a complex and difficult situation and whilst she must care for her ailing mother, she also has responsibilities towards her husband and children. Social work policies in the UK detail the ways through which social and medical care should be provided to adults in need (Oliver Decoster, 2006, p 243). Specific policies exist for providing medical and social support to elderly people with mental and physical disabilities. Such services are provided through the aegis of social work practitioners, mental health professionals, medical professionals and medical workers. These diverse professionals are expected to work in partnership for the delivery of comprehensive social and medical care to the old and disabled (Oliver Decoster, 2006, p 243). With the majority of such service users being expected to be cared for in the community, in their homes and in the midst of their near relatives, carers form an extremely important component of the social work delivery proc ess (Stalker, 2003, p 67). Elizabeth, in her role as the primary care for Betty forms the pivot for delivery of social and health care services. This assignment delves into the social work infrastructure and policies in the UK that are available for carers and makes particular use of relevant frameworks including the Single Assessment Process and National Service Framework for Older People. The essay also discusses relevant sociological and psychological theories for human development and behaviour and examines the ways in which inter-professional practice and partnership of professionals with carers can help in improvement of social work delivery. 3. Social and Medical Care for Adults and Old People The official approach for providing social and medical care for older people was revamped and improved significantly after the publication of the White Paper on Modernising Social Services in 1998 and the adoption of a national agenda for improvement of care and services (Baker, 2004, p 12). The National Service for Older People (NSF-OP), which was adopted in 2001set standards for the promotion of better services and greater integration of health and social care services for people (Baker, 2004, p 12). The NSF-OP is developed around 8 standards, namely (a) age discrimination, (b) person centred care, (c) intermediate care, (d) general hospital care, (e) stroke, (f) falls, (g) mental health and (h) health promotion. The NSF for older people very importantly introduced the concept of person centred care, which aimed to ensure that older people were treated as individuals in their own right and received care packages that satisfied their individual needs, irrespective of boundaries between health and social services (Baker, 2004, p 12). These standards aimed to ensure the integration of health care and social work services for older people and ca;;ed upon health and social care workers to participate and collaborate with each other to provide holistic and rounded services to people in need (Baker, 2004, p 12). The person centred approach for provisioning of social and health care is an important outcome of the gradual development and acceptance of the social model of disability (Moulin, 2002, p 43). The still dominant medical model of disability assumes that disabilities result from the physical or mental limitations of individual persons and are largely unrelated to their social or geographical surroundings. It places the origin of a problem with a person and states that solutions can be found by focusing on the individual, rather than on his or her surroundings (Moulin, 2002, p 43). Whilst the medical model has for centuries dominated human approaches towards disabled people, recent decades have seen the emergence and the progressive acceptance of the social model, which views disability to be the consequence of social and environmental barriers that restrict people with disabilities from participating in society (Moulin, 2002, p 47). The person centred approach is routed in the social model and aims to empower people with disabilities by allowing them to participate and agree to the medical and social care plans that are made for them (Moulin, 2002, p 47). Such empowerment provides service users with significant independence to participate in their rehabilitation and treatment process and allows care plans to focus on rehabilitation and prevention, rather than on symptomatic treatment (Moulin, 2002, p 47). The single assessment procedure was introduced in the SAF- OP, specifically to further the standard concerning person centred care (Baker, 2004, p 14). The SAP facilitates a single assessment for the medical and social needs of individuals and calls upon respective agencies to work together for provisioning of appropriate and holistic care to individuals in need (Baker, 2004, p 14). The SAF-OP is particularly relevant for Betty, because it provides a framework for providing of holistic social and medical services to individuals who have experienced strokes. 4. The Role of Carers Whilst Bettys medical condition and social needs are certainly addressed through policies like the SAP, the SAF-OP, the progressively greater use of the social model, the person centred approach, the existing social health care infrastructure, the efforts of the individual carer, in this case her daughter Elizabeth, will play a critical role in the delivery of such care. The progressive elimination of hospitalisation and institutionalisation for people with physical and mental ailments and the replacement of such approaches and methods with community centred care commenced in the 1960s and progressively increased over the years through appropriate policy modifications. It is now widely accepted that people with disabilities live far more enriched, satisfied and productive lives amongst their families, friends and communities than in specialised institutions. Betty, after her recuperation from her stroke, is expected to come back into the community, live with her close relatives and family members, and be cared for by people who care for her. Such community care, whilst extremely desirable as an alternative to institutionalisation, however calls for the services of specific carers for individuals, who cannot manage their own activities, and thus need to be looked after by other people (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2). Such carers, in the overwhelming majority of cases, constitute of family members, spouses, siblings, parents or even children (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2) Betty, after her stroke, has reduced left side mobility and will need a wheel chair for her personal movement. Whilst she may, in all probability, be able to look after her own needs to some extent, it is probable that she will certainly need the care of another person. Elizabeth, her daughter and the person with whom she is living at present, is expected to fulfil the role of her carer. Carers occupy a unique role in the British social care infrastructure. Practically 11% of the population, i.e. approximately 6 million people, provide unpaid care in the UK to individuals in need. Whilst practically half of these carers fall in the age group between 45 and 64, many of them are very young as well as quite old. The majority of people who receive care live either in residential premises (Office for National Statics, 2006, p 1-2). Caring for an elderly person, as Elizabeth will be required to do, calls for significant amounts of sensitivity and commitment. Most people involved in care for older people look after parents or relatives who were previously used to looking after them (Weinstein, et al, 2003, p 114). Elderly people often wish to remain self reliant and make their own decisions as long as possible. Such changes in family relationships can often be complex and lead to situations of conflict if they are not handled with adequate care and thought (Weinstein, et al, 2003, p 115). Whilst caring for older people has to be handled with great sensitivity to avoid upsetting the people who are being cared for, it also calls for a great deal of hard work, effort, and self sacrifice on the part of carers (Williams Robinson, 2000, p 18). Carers often have to adjust their responsibilities towards their employers, if they are employed, and to their other family members who may need their emotional and physical support, in order to look after the individuals whose care has been entrusted to them (Williams Robinson, 2000, p 18). With carers playing critical roles in supporting and providing essential services to disabled and ailing elderly people, it is essential for them to work in close coordination and participation with responsible medical, health and social care professionals in order to facilitate the provisioning of holistic medical, social, physical and emotional support to their elderly wards (Stalker, 2003, p 81). Such partnership helps in better assessment of risks that are faced by persons in care and formulation of appropriate care and intervention plans. Social and medical care plans thus need to be carefully formulated by the concerned social workers after appropriate assessment with the use of person centred approaches and the involvement and agreement of the service user and the carer (Stalker, 2003, p 81). Elizabeth, as has been stated before is experiencing difficult domestic conditions at home because of the unemployment of her husband. Whilst her husband Charles did not previously have any objection to Bettys staying with them, his attitude might now change because of her illness as well as straitened domestic circumstances. He has a history of alcohol misuse and domestic abuse and his employment redundancy, as well as annoyance with Matthews unemployment, drug abuse and household thievery may upset him enough to relapse into his old ways. Elizabeth could in the normal course of events expect assistance from her two children in discharging her caring and household duties. This however looks improbable because of Elisas plans to shift in with her boyfriend and Matthews disturbed emotional state and surreptitious misuse of drugs. 5. Assessment of Needs of Carers Carers, like Elizabeth, perform vital and pivotal roles in the delivery of social care to individuals under their care, who are otherwise unable to manage, at home, without some form of support because of issues like disability, mental health needs, and illness or learning difficulties. Such carers have their own problems and needs that can easily be overlooked by the people around them. Elizabeths problems, as explained in the previous section, whilst not apparent are complex and real. The previous New Labour government recognised these needs, and introduced significant legislation for the protection of the rights of carers, through the enactment of the Carers and Disabled Children Act, 2000, and the Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act, 2004. The Carers and Disabled Children Act provides carers with the rights for separate assessments of their needs, if they provide or intend to provide regular and substantial care to others (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). The person under care is usually assessed for his or her needs under the provisions of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). This is the best way of helping, both the carer and the person in care. The services provided to people who are in care often helps to support carers through the provisioning of some of the care that is being given by carers. The Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act aims to assure that carers can avail of opportunities that others often take for granted (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 18). Assessments of needs of carers take into account the need of carers to continue with their work, return to work and excess education as well as training or leisure activities (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 19). The provisions of UK law state that carers are entitled to assessment, when they provide, or intend to provide, regular and substantial care to individuals in need, and the person being cared for, can access services from the Community Mental Health Team or the Department of Community Services (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 19). Such rights for assessment provide carers with (a) opportunities to reflect and discuss their own needs as carers, (b) share their caring experiences, (c) obtain recognition for their roles as carers, (d) obtain information and advice, (e) identify and discuss existing and potential difficulties, and (f) create contingency plans for circumstances that may not make it possible for them to continue in their caring roles (Stalker, 2003, p 83). Assessments are made to investigate the ways in which social and health care professionals and the existing infrastructure can help people in their caring roles by maintaining their health and wellbeing (Stalker, 2003, p 85). Such assessments concern issues like different aspects of individual caring roles, availability of breaks from caring, health issues of carers, maintenance of relationships with the person being cared for and others in the family, caring for home, accommodation, finances, work, education and training, support, emergencies, alternative arrangements and the future. As is evident, existing policies aim to make the assessment of carers as holistic as possible (Stalker, 2003, p 87). Such assessments take up a whole range of issues like the time being taken for caring, understanding the condition of the person being cared for, and difficulties in providing suitable care (Stalker, 2003, p 88). Health, relationships, finances, and work, are very important components of the assessment process, and social and health care professionals aim to assess whether carers can be helped in their relationships with people important to them and in their health, their finances and their leisure activity (D epartment of Human Services, 2003, p 19). Assessments for carers lead to personal discussions with them on the help required by them and the preparation of care plans that try to accommodate the wishes and constraints of carers to the maximum extent (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). The Department of Community Services can, after such assessment, provide help to both the carers and to the people who are being cared for. The persons who are being cared for can be helped with direct payments in order to allow them to purchase their own care, practical or personal care at home, respite care, adaptations and home equipment, and day care services (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). Carers can be helped with support in the form of (a) direct payments to help them to buy the support they need, (b) substitute care in order to enable them to take breaks from caring, (c) assistance with specific tasks and equipment to help them in their caring efforts, (d) advice and support in their role as carers and (e) short brea ks (Department of Human Services, 2003, p 21). Elizabeth can ask for an assessment, discuss her various problems with the social worker and try to work out, not only the best available care plan for Betty, but the ways in which she can obtain help to perform her caring functions effectively, maintain her home, help her children, and continue a good relationship with her husband. Conclusions This essay takes up the analysis of the case study of Elizabeth, her mother Betty, and her immediate family, and uses Elizabeths particular circumstances, as a would be carer for her mother, for an examination of existing legislation, theory and practice in areas of social and health care for adults with disabilities and their carers. Social work policies, practice, and theory for carers, as well as the persons they care for have evolved significantly over the last decade. Whilst assessment policies and intervention tools for adults with ailments or disabilities have been streamlined significantly in order to account for their individual needs and to empower them with independence in choosing their care and treatment plans, the importance of carers in the delivery of social work in a community care environment has come to the forefront. Carers are acknowledged to be critically important in the delivery of care. Social and health workers are expected to work collaboratively and in partnership, with each other and with carers, for the planning and delivery of holistic care and health services that take care of the individual needs of service users. Carers are also entitled to assessment of their needs and various forms of assistance to make their caring duties more effective and less onerous. Whilst Elizabeths responsibilities towards her mother and her family members are undoubtedly onerous, the social and health care policies of the country provide significant facilities that can help in making her responsibilities easier and her life more enriching and fulfilling.

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal

Preparation of Terbium Hydroxide Nanowires by Hydrothermal The preparation of Terbium hydroxide nanowires  by hydrothermal method The single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies was successfully prepared from Tb2O3 powder by adjusting the concentration of acetic acid under hydrothermal condition. The influence of the concentration of acetic acid and reaction temperature on the crystalline phase and morphologies of Tb(OH)3 products was discussed. The concentration of acetic acid plays a key role in determining the products morphology. Eventually, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. Keywords: Tb(OH)3, nanowires, spindle, rare earth, hydrothermal. Introduction Rare-earth elements are a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium because of their similar chemical properties. The oxides of rare-earth elements have been extensive used in past decades because of their optic, electric, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which are caused by their unique electronic structures and numerous transition modes involving the 4f shells of their ions. These properties strongly depend on the composition, morphology and dimensionality of products, which are sensitive to the bonding states of rare earth ions. In recent years, many important materials have been prepared in the form of nanowires to generate some unexpected properties. Nanowires represent a class of quasi-one-dimensional materials, in which carrier motion is restricted in two directions so that they usually exhibit significant photochemical, physical, and electron-transport properties which differ from that of bulk or nanoparticle materials. Recently, three dimensional (3D) nanostructured architectures have been explored for a new generation of advanced devices such as supercapacitors, fuel cells, and sensors owing to some improved properties originating from their nanobuilding blocks and the manners in which they are organized. Up to now, a wide variety of inorganic materials, including metal,6a metal oxide,6b–d hydrate,6e borate,6f molybdate,6g,h and tungstate,6i have been successfully prepared with complex 3D hierarchical shapes by the solution-phase chemical method, due to its low cost and potential advantage for large-scale production. However, exploration of reasonable synthetic methods for controlled construction of complex 3D architectures of other inorganic functional materials via a chemical self-assembly route is still an intensive and hot research topic. In the controlled construction of self-assembly of 1D or 2D nanobuilding blocks into 3D novel nanoarchitectures, copolymers and surfactants always play important roles due to their directing functions during the aggregation process as well as their stabilizing effects in equilibrium systems. [Lu-1] For example, who and who reported the Who et al. have described systematically the †¦ However, there are only several report on the synthesis of Among the family of rare earth compounds, the terbium oxide is the important functional rare earth material. It had been used as a promising candidate for ceramic pigments, catalysts, promoters and stabilizers in combustion catalysts, oxygen-storage components, and materials with higher electrical conductivity. In addition, terbium hydroxides are of great importance because rare earth oxides can be straight formed through dehydration from hydroxides. To date, many terbium hydroxides particles have been synthesized via a hydrothermal route due to the advantages of high purity and good homogeneity, and the corresponding structured rare earth oxides were made by calcining the precursors. [Lu-1] In the present work, we exploited a one-step hydrothermal route to prepare nano-scale terbium hydroxide with various morphologies. In addition, the mechanism of acetic acid on morphology of products was deeply discussed. The reaction mechanism leading to the lutetium oxide precursor and the self-assembly process were discussed. A possible formation mechanism for the morphology evolution of these microstructures was suggested, which was not reported before. Experimental section: 2.1. Preparation of Tb(OH)3 precursors All chemicals with analytical grade were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, and used without further purification. A detailed description of the preparation process is as follows: 15 mL of acetic acid solution with various concentrations (0.001~0.2M) and 0.45 g of Tb2O3were placed in a 25 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, heated in an electric oven to 200  °C at a heating rate of 5  °C/min, and maintained at 200  °C for 6 h with rotation for agitation. The autoclave was then cooled to room temperature via air quenching. The precipitate was collected using a centrifuge, washed with distilled water, and dried at room temperature. In order to investigate the mechanism, the reaction temperature and reaction time were appropriately changed. The pure water, sodium hydroxide and the other type of solutions were used as the solvent instead of acetic acid solution. 2.3. Characterization Powder X-ray diffractions (XRD) were performed using a Rigaku RTP-300RC diffractometer operating at 40 kV and 100 mA with Cu Kà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡ radiation (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¬) 1.54056 ÃŽ ¼m. The patterns were collected in the range of 10 ° to 70 ° with a 0.02 ° step and scanning speed of 4 °/min. The micrographs of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were obtained using a JEOL JSM-6500F electron microscope operating at 15 kV. The samples were heated in air at a ramp rate of 10  ºC/min. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu FTIR-8200PC spectrophotometer at room temperature. Result and discussion 3.1. Influence of acetic acid concentration on the phase and morphology of the obtained precursors The chemical composition and crystal structure of the samples were firstly determined by XRD measurements. Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of as-prepared samples in the various concentrations of acetic acid solution. It is easy found that when the concentration of HAc was lower than 0.15M (fig.1a~e), the XRD patterns can be indexed to be a pure hexagonal phase of Tb(OH)3, in agreement with the reported data (JCPDS 83-2038) with lattice constants a=6.3150 Ã… and c=3.6030Ã…. With the enhancement of concentration of HAc, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually reduced, meanwhile the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increased gradually. It means that the crystallinity of products and crystalline grain were gradually decreased. It is important to note that the relative intensity ratio of (110) and (101) peaks was changed with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH, suggesting that the preferential growth along c-axis occurs with the increse of concentration of CH3COOH . When the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M, an unknown phase was formed. The XRD patters showed the compound have the layered structure according to the d value. In order to determine the chemical composition of the unknown phase, the Infrared spectra was allowed to use. Fig.2 shows the FT-IR spectra for the as-prepared simples. The typical peaks of Tb(OH)3 products (fig2.a~e)were found at ca. 3610 and 670 cm-1. In accordance with the results in literature, these two bands can be associated with OH stretching and with Tb-OH bending modes in the hydroxide[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The FTIR spectra show that these products are free of organic byproducts. The IR spectra of the unknown phase (fig2.f) show additional adsorption bands at 3380, 2924 , 2853,1568, 1443 and 1011 cm-1. The occurrence of a broad 3390 cm-1 band is attributed to residual traces of water in the sample. The bands at 2924 and 2853 cm-1 correspond to –CH3 stretching and –CH3 against stretching vibration, respectively. These bands are located between 1568 and 1443 cm-1, which are typical for stretching vibrations of carboxylate groups Va(COO-) and Vs(COO-), resp ectively[à ¦-†¡Ãƒ §Ã…’ ®]. The band at 1011 cm-1 corresponds to Tb-OH bending vibration. On the basis of the IR spectraà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the precursor material is assumed to contain metal acetate hydrate and metallic hydrate (Tb(CH3COO)X(OH)Y†¢H2O). The SEM images of several typical samples with distinct morphologies are presented in Fig.3a-f. It is found that the concentration of acetic acid (HAc) plays a key role in determining the product morphology. Tb(OH)3 could be obtained at concentration between 0.001 to 0.15M. At low HAc concentration (fig.3a), the obtained product is composed of granular aggregates and it was difficult to distinguish each other. A slight increase in concentration to 0.01M (fig.3b), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. The diameter of these nanowires ranges from 50 to 100 nanometers. As HAc concentration was further increased to 0.03M (fig.3c), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 2ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. When HAc concentration was added to 0.1 M (fig.3d), the length of the bundles of nanowires was fu rther increase to more than 12ÃŽ ¼m along with the decrease of the diameter. At the same time, the diameter of the nanowires also gradually reduced. To further increase the concentration of HAc to 0.15M (fig.3e), the bundles of nanowires began to varying degrees of separation, some single nanowires began to form. These nanostructures are found to be in a wide scale of size, ranging in diameter from less than 12ÃŽ ¼m to more than 2 ÃŽ ¼m. Finally, when the concentration was further increased to 0.2 M (fig.3f), the SEM photograph also showed that this compound consisted of plate-like crystals, which is in agreement with the XRD result. 3.2à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Effect of temperature To determine the effect of temperature, the Tb2O3 with 15ml 0.067M CH3COOH solution were hydrothermally treated at 100, 160, 200, 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ for 6h. According to the XRD patterns, the pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was only obtained at hydrothermal temperature above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, while only a small amount of Tb(OH)3 was formed at 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, and most of products proved to be raw material Tb2O3. With the increase of reaction temperature to above 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the raw material Tb2O3 disappeared, and pure phase of Tb(OH)3 was obtained. When the temperature was increased to 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’the crystallinity of Tb(OH)3 was significantly increased. The hydrothermal temperature has a great impact on the size of the terbium hydroxide precursors. Figure 5 shows typical SEM images of Tb(OH)3 in 0.067 mol/L HAc solution at various temperature. It can be seen that the a few microfiber-like structure of Tb(OH)3 was formed at low temperature of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™(Fig.5a). When the temperature reached to 160à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the uniform microfibers of Tb(OH)3 nanowires with length of about 13 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m were obtained(Fig.5b). With the enhancement of reaction temperature, the length of microfibers gradually increased, as well as the diameter of nanowires (inset in Fig.5b and Fig.5d). The more quantity of microfibers was formed at high reaction temperature than the low temperature. In addition these microfibers grew very slowly as the extension of reaction time at high temperature of 220à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. Details of results are as shown in table1. That is because the reaction rate of the dissolving – recrystallization increases at high temperature, a large number of crystal nucleus has been quickly formed in the initial stage of reaction. In the case of no changing the total amount of raw materials, the smaller grain size has been formed under the condition of higher temperature. Meanwhile, the defect of products is less at high temperature than low temperature. Therefore the diameter of nanowires of microfibers at high temperature is bigger than at low temperature. 3.3. Effect of reaction In order to understand the reaction process, the reaction time was changed from 0 to 24h, while the CH3COOH concentration and reaction temperature were fixed to 0.067M and 200à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, respectively, Figure 6 show the XRD results of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200 °C at a heating ramp of 5 °C /min), 0.5h, 2h, and 6h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. According to the XRD patterns, when the oven reached 200  °C, the characteristic peaks of hexagonal Tb(OH)3 just began to appear in the XRD pattern, as shown in Figure 6a. Most of the characteristic peaks proved to be raw material Tb2O3. The pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained after 30 min of hydrothermal reaction, and with the enhancement of reaction time, the intensity of main diffraction peak (100) gradually increased. It means that the crystallinity was gradually increased with the reaction time increased. Figure 7 shows SEM images of samples received after 0 h (just when the oven reached 200  °C at a heating ramp of 5  °C /min), 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h of hydrothermal reaction at 200  °C, respectively. When the oven reached 200  °C, the product is composed of starfish-like microstructure (Figure 7a). With the increased of time to 0.5h(fig.7c), the morphology changed to microfibers of nanowires aggregated with diameter of 1.5 ÃŽ ¼m and length up to 5 ÃŽ ¼m. It is easy to find that these microfibers were composed of bundles of nanowires. As time was further increased to 6h (fig.7d), the spindle-like structures ranging in diameter less than 1.5ÃŽ ¼m and length more than 10ÃŽ ¼m were obtained. Finally, when time was increased to 24h (fig.7e), the nanowires of the spindle-like microfibers began to split. 3.4 the effect of CH3COOH on morphology According to the above phenomenon, CH3COOH plays a key role in determining the morphology of products. To determine the effect of CH3COOH on morphology, the pure water, sodium hydroxide, CH3COONa, HCl, oxalic acid and ascorbic acid (L-Ac) solution as the solvent instead of acetic acid. From XRD patterns we can see, no matter what kind of solution was used as a solvent, the pure phase Tb(OH)3 could be obtained. In 5M NaOH solution, the product was composed of nanorods aggregates. In pure water, nanoparticals and some mocrorods aggregates were obtained. (à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã†â€™Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ±,à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´,à §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸,à §Ã‚ »Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½c) Figure 9. SEM images of products synthesized from 0.45g of Tb2O3 in (a)10M NaOH solution and (b) pure water at 200 oC for 6h. Conclusion We have used terbium oxide and different concentrations of acetic acid to synthesize the single-crystalline Tb(OH)3 with various morphologies by a hydrothermal method. The concentration of acetic acid, reaction temperature, reaction time and types of solvents strongly affect the morphology and size of products. The morphology of the Tb(OH)3 products changed from granular aggregates, to microfibers of nanowires aggregated, spindle of nanowires, eventually into nanowires with increasing concentration. The crystallinity of the Tb(OH)3 products can be increased by enhanced the reaction temperature. The method utilized in this study to fabricate the terbium hydroxide with tunable morphologies is general and could be extended to synthesize the other rare earth hydroxides by simple adjusting the concentration of acetic acid.